Inferno By Dante Alighiery Essays - Divine Comedy, Inferno

Inferno By Dante Alighiery Throughout the years, people's views of sin have been changed. Today society view of sin is different than what Dante envisioned about sin at his time. During Dante's time, the worst sin that one can commit is rejecting the church. However, in the book The Inferno, Dante sees that rejecting the church is one of the least important sins. Other sins that were perceived as unimportant during Dante time are worse than rejection of the church in The Inferno. By doing so Dante tries to show that the magnitude of the sin does not matter. The most important thing he wants to point out is that people need to learn from their mistake and distinguish between good and evil. Therefore, after a long journey through hell Dante learned to avoid evil and become spiritually enlightened. By becoming spiritually enlightened and avoiding evil, Dante proceeds much closer to the salvation of God. In The Inferno, Dante loses all sense of direction, reason, and he wander away from the True Way and enters the Dark Wood of Error. He tries to find his way out of the Dark Wood of Error, but his attempts are unsuccessful. As soon as he tries to get out of this sinful place, he is confronted by all kind of beasts. They try to hold him back and attack him. However, after being force back into the Dark Wood of Error Dante see the shade of Virgil, who represents light, direction and reason. Virgil promises to lead him away from error. Dante is thankful for the guidance of Virgil, "For you are my true master and first author, the sole make from whom I drew the breath of that sweet style whose measures have brought me honor"(30). One of the things that Dante notices about hell is that most of the people are sent to hell not because they committed a sin against God, but because they committed a sin against themselves. The sin that interests Dante on his journey is the wood of the suicide, the hoarders, and the gluttons. These people committed a self -destructive act against themselves. The glutton, made no attempt to use their God given ability, all they cared for is food, drink, and excessively consumed goods. The more they consumed the worsen their punishment in hell. They produced nothing for their society. As a result, they will forever lie in the garbage they produced and act as a slave for Cerberus. From this particular circle of hell, Dante perceived the pain that these people go through, "I see new torments and new souls in pain about me everywhere. Wherever I turn away from grief I turn to grief"(65). When Dante spoke to Ciacco, a member of this circle of hell, he again expressed this feeling, "Ciacco, your agony weighs on my heart and calls my soul to tears"(67). Besides feeling pitiful, Dante has also learned a very important lesson from this circle of hell. In life one must use all the talent that god has given to him or her and use it for his or her own advantage. When Dante reaches the fourth circle of hell, his feeling toward the hoarders and the wasters remains the same. In life the hoarders and the wasters lack the ability to control their expenses. By not controlling their expenses, they forget every thing about the moral values God has given them, all they think about is their money. Therefore in death, their own dead weights serve to moderate them. With this weight they punish each other. From this circle Dante learns that money and processions in life will not buy him eternal happiness. As Virgil has said to him, "Not all the gold that is or ever was under the sky could buy for one of these exhausted souls the fraction of a pause"(74). Running after fortune and living under the control of money results in the destruction of man's soul. As Dante enters the wood of the suicides all he hears is the cries and the sounds of sorrow. The souls of this Circle destroyed their own bodies and denied human form. They can only express themselves through their own agony. In addition, they are only allowed to speak through their own blood because they chose to take away their life. Taking one life is not only limits the enjoyment of this beautiful world created by God, but it a crime against one own soul. Through this experience, Dante sees that he does not

Losing The Religion essays

Losing The Religion essays (Not available; US): Gordon Heath Publishing, 1955. Animal farm is a social, but chiefly political, satire. This book appears to address totalitarian governments in the whole, but IÕve heard Mr. Orwell was specifically referring to the 1917 Russian Revolution. This book is written in somewhat of a fable form, from the point of view of the animals as they watch their leaders warp and gradually destroy the ideology of the "animalism" revolution. I would say this story counts as allegory, as the symbolism could be interpreted as an extended metaphor. Not their character in the story, but who in history they represent individualizes each animal on the farm. The satire does not give any evidence to the storyÕs time period. But, because of the fairly primitive farming methods (lack of machines), IÕm assuming the time period is somewhere near the beginning of the 20th century. As the book takes place on a farm, the location probably lies somewhere is the west (US). Observing the leaders of the animals slowly raise themselves to tyranny is interesting. As the book wears on, you can see the authorÕs views (biting commentary) on a few political issues (obviously) show through, and it is revealed to you who the animals most likely represent in totalitarian government (specifically, the Russian Revolution). It is a very thoughtful book, and encourages you to examine human culture and behavior as well as parallels between two seemingly opposite things. The language isnÕt all that interesting, but the simple writing style brings in the fable aspect. Yes, I feel the characters are chosen wisely, as they represent those important in the isolated historical period. The wealthy, the peasants, the leaders, tyrants, neighboring countries-they all are mentioned through the animals. ThereÕs no way they wouldnÕt seem fictional, as what happens in the book was and is impossible. But t ...

Government Should Provide Free Public Education to Children of Illegal Research Paper

Government Should Provide Free Public Education to Children of Illegal Immigrants - Research Paper Example It’s good for them and the nation as well. In addition, school administrators do not have the time, resources or inclination to fill the role of immigration authorities or law enforcement. The U.S. Department of Education recently made the right decision when it instructed all school districts to offer an education to all students within their jurisdiction regardless of their immigration status or prevailing public opinion. Educating young persons living in the country should not be subject ideological battles or political agendas. People who work or attend school in the U.S. without proper authorization cannot be compared with drug or weapon smugglers. The vast majority people living in the U.S. illegally do not commit crimes. Immigrant families are much like any other family and their children are innocent bystanders. However, if those children are not allowed to go to school they will not likely become productive citizens and become a burden on society in the form of welfar e recipients or criminals which costs the public more than educating them would. â€Å"If the children of illegal immigrants are not educated, they are more likely to end up as adults mired in despair and crime. If they continue to live in this country - and many will - their problems will become ours and affect taxpayers in other  ways.† (â€Å"Should,† 2011). ... Until that happens all public schools should welcome all children who walk into a classroom. The evidence and common sense dictates that all children should receive an education but ardent ideologues insist the kids of illegal immigrants not receive publically funded schooling. They believe it encourages illegal immigration, an added incentive to come and stay illegally in the U.S. indefinitely. The financial burden on schools is already stretching available funds to the limit. Adding non-citizens simply adds to the problem. â€Å"Most public schools are struggling to educate the students who are enrolled legally. The open-door policy promoted by the U.S. Department of Education places a greater burden on taxpayers at the expense of their own  children.† (â€Å"Should,† 2011) For example, the cost to educate children in the State of California totals $11,649 per student annually. Nearly one million students are children of illegal immigrants. Therefore, these students take more than $11 billion from a state education budget that totals $72 billion. (Izumi, 2010) The thinking of those opposed to education children of illegal immigrants is they would be more willing to go back to their respective places of origin if their kids could not be educated in the U.S. â€Å"The battle against illegal immigration must be fought on many fronts. When we wall off important ways to reduce it, we undercut other  efforts.† (â€Å"Should,† 2011). Americans are divided about down the middle on the issue. Support for allowing these children to receive public education stands at 47 percent while 49 percent oppose it. These numbers vary slightly by region. People in the Midwest are evenly split 50-50. Those on the Northeast favor it 52-48 percent while

Cellular PathologyCritical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cellular PathologyCritical Review - Essay Example Finally, the correlation between CDX-2 and MIB-1 was also not significant with r value of 0.29. Most of these findings were not consistent with the findings from the existing literature. There were some positive points present in this study. The author discussed the results with support of the available information. In the discussion, some points on the limitations of the study were stated very well; limitation due to small sample size and limitation due to interobserver and intra-onbserver errors which could have affected the results from visual analysis which was a subjective issue. Apart from these positive points in the account of the study, it had some weaknesses. The author discussed the role of CDX-2 in the introduction but there was no mention of the MIB-1 role and value. Due to which author, in fact, could not build a rationale for carrying out this study. Although, the study type was described as retrospective but further elaboration on the topic is missing. Who were the cases (with definition) or controls, and how were they selected Even the sample size was not mentioned in the methodology section but only in the discussion.

Is fair trade fair Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is fair trade fair - Research Paper Example 1923). Fair Trade organizations works in opposition to the capitalist market system, but works within it (Fair trade critique, 2010). They are backed by consumers and are engaged enthusiastically in supporting producers, raising consciousness and in organizing campaigns for bringing changes in the existing policies and practices of international trade. The producers in the South are often found to be marginalized to a great extent. The Fair Trade Organizations are working to make trading a fair practice which would accommodate the interests of all the trading partners. The concept of fair trade is relatively new and is commanding the interest of many researchers in current times. This paper presents a critical analysis of the concept of fair trade and evaluation of the practice by utilizing the theory of economics. The benefits of fair trade One of the most vital market based mechanisms is the practice of fair trade, which helps in the improvement of the livelihoods of the producers based in the developing countries (Nicholls & Opal, 2005, p. 5). The partnership between the producers and the consumers is targeted to provide a fair share of the benefits of trade to the farm workers and the farmers. This addresses â€Å"the imbalance of power in trading relationships† (What is Fairtrade? 2011). In many countries, particularly in the countries in the South, the farmers and agricultural producers are deprived of the actual yield of profits. Under fair trade the price for the products they sell is set according to the norms of the Fair trade Standards. Involvement of these workers in fair trade helps them to get better deals and also a superior terms of trade (O’Neill, 2007). This in turn provides them with the opportunity to lead a better standard of life and make better plans for their future. Fair trade prices The fair trade price is the minimum price that has to be paid to the fair trade producers. This price acts â€Å"as a safety net† (Wha t is Fairtrade? 2011) for the farmers. It is determined by the regulations mentioned in the Fair trade Standards. This price is associated to all the products that are Fair trade certified. This price is set in such a way that it can cover the â€Å"average costs of sustainable production† (What is Fairtrade? 2011). When the markets fall below the level of sustainable production, the farmers obtain a meager price for their produces; the fair trade prices are designed to safeguard the interests of the vulnerable producers. Sometimes the prices are negotiated with the buyers to yield a higher price on the basis of the quality of the products. Classical theory of employment According to the classical school of economics â€Å"the wage is equal to the marginal product of labor† (Keynes, n.d.). This implies that the real wage entitled to an employed person is the minimum amount of remuneration provided to the person to induce him to put the amount of effort or labor that is actually exerted. The wage is equal to the value of output that is foregone when one unit of the labor is removed from the process of production. The classical theory of economics is built under the assumption of the competitive market, in which the amount of labor employed and the amount of wages are determined by the forces of the market. In this context, the disutility

Health Inequalities And Socioeconomic Status Health And Social Care Essay

Health Inequalities And Socioeconomic Status Health And Social Care Essay For years there has been significant evidence linking socio-economic status and health. Statistics show a graded relationship, meaning the higher your social position the greater your level of health (figure 3). This shocking data not only shows the most deprived dying 7 years earlier than the least; they will also have a disability for a longer period of their shorter lives, which is likely to take affect before the ever increasing pension age, 17 years before that of the most affluent (Marmot 2010). Figure 3: Life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy at birth, persons by neighbourhood income level (ONS 2009). Recession does not uniformly impact the health of the nation, affecting different social-classes in different ways and by variable amounts, further accentuating health inequalities (Marmot and Bell 2009).This essay will examine how the behavioural, psycho-social, materialist and life-course aetiological pathways are involved in the health effects of the economic downturn on different socio-economic groups. Unemployment will be discussed in detail being the major variable during an economic downturn, having both direct and secondary causes, and a significant influence on health. Later, other indirect influences such as job insecurity and public sector cuts will also be discussed. Unemployment has a serious affect on health showing a much higher mortality rate for unemployed men (Figure 4). However some of this difference may be attributed to the theory of selection that ill people are more likely to become or remain unemployed, rather than exposure where unemployment causes health deterioration (Burgard et al. 2007). Although some less healthy individuals may lose their jobs before others, the sheer scale of unemployment during economic downturn will make exposure dominant. Contrasting to others Martikainen et al. (2007) argue that the mortality and therefore health during unemployment is often better during a recession due to better support in the form of unemployed peers. However in terms of the nation as a whole increased unemployment deteriorates health, and when considering the individual, although support from peers is important the financial strain combined with other factors such as increased cost of living and public sector cuts, discussed later, wil l exceed this positive effect. Figure 4: Mortality of men in England and Wales in 1981-92, by social-class and employment status at the 1981 Census (Bethune 1997). Unemployments major impact is on an individuals mental health; Price et al. (1998) associated unemployment with decreased self-esteem and perceived competence, increased depression and anxiety along with an increased risk of suicide attempt, alcohol abuse and violence. However other research has indicated that the lack of income outweighs the stress related consumption of cigarettes and alcohol (Ruhm 2005) or that health damaging behaviours are influenced by feelings of control and expectation of future employment (Catalano 1997). Several studies link these psychological affects such as job stress increasing risk factors such as hypertension and serum cholesterol (Weber et al. 1997). In conjunction with this it seems the most common impacts of unemployment on physical health are on the cardiovascular system with Gallo et al. (2006) estimating a doubling of the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction with involuntary job loss. The financial sector initiated the current recession so was the first to directly feel its effects, for example Northern Rock being taken into state ownership and forced to make 800 compulsory redundancies (Treanor 2008). The secondary impact of the recession involved decreased lending from the financial sector, forcing companies to close altogether or relocate abroad for a cheaper workforce, meaning mass unemployment and unlikely reemployment (Clancy and Jenkins 2009). Next as the government feels the squeeze public sector cuts are causing further unemployment. Generally speaking the lower-classes are the most likely to become unemployed, occurring mainly via secondary impacts since they are the first to be made redundant during public sector cuts and they dominate industries such as retail and manufacturing which are the most suitable for relocation abroad (Clancy and Jenkins 2009). This unemployment causes a loss of income resulting in severe financial strain; with debt continuing to accumulate as they struggle to find a job and suffer with the social stigma associated with unemployment, individuals feel out of control with increasing levels of stress, depression deteriorating their health (Price et al. 2002). As money becomes increasingly tight basic needs such as nutrition and access to healthcare impact their physical health, this lack of finances means decreased opportunity for social activities and coping strategies further worsening their mental health (Price et al. 1998). Some people may lose hope all together and turn to health de structive behaviour such as smoking, alcohol and perhaps even suicide as described earlier. However in areas of high unemployment, the presence of many individuals in the same situation may protect individuals from such psychosocial impacts (Brenner and Mooney 1983). The more affluent are also at risk of unemployment, many directly from the recession as higher socio-economic groups dominate the financial sector, however like the lower-classes the decreased lending and public sector cuts cause widespread unemployment but on a much smaller scale. The contrast with that of the lower-classes is that their higher salary over the years often enables them to have sufficient savings that can act as a buffer, whilst they wait for the economy to recover and apply for new jobs, which they are more likely to get due to their higher qualifications (Elliott et al. 2010). These wealthier individuals suffer more in terms of psychological health; many experience a loss of identity, as their job defines them and without it they feel lost and unaware of their place in society (Price et al. 1998). Their physical health may not be affected with finances available to provide food and other essentials, however it is these same finances that have the capacity to fund sm oking, alcohol and even drug abuse. Unemployment indirectly impacts on the health of their entire family. The  Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys revealed wives of unemployed men experienced 20% excess deaths to those with employed husbands (Moser and Goldblatt 1990). There are also strong links between unemployment and domestic violence, unwanted pregnancy, divorce and impaired infant growth (Mathers and Schofield 1998). Social support from family and friends is crucial to combat unemployments negative psychological effects, but unemployment itself disrupts social support and friendship networks, often resulting in conflict (Price et al. 1998). The financial strain of recession puts significant pressures on parenting and ultimately deteriorates the health and development of their children which will affect them throughout their life-course (Solantus et al. 2004). This is accentuated by the government increasing the cost of university, denying those with potential in lower social-classes, the opportunity of u pward mobility. These family impacts are more prominent in lower socio-economic groups, with greater financial burden meaning lower control and more pressure on relationships. Some of the more indirect impacts of recession on health are not directly linked with unemployment, although some such as job insecurity and unsuitable reemployment may be associated with it. Job insecurity is a feature of modern Britain with our shift from manufacturing to service sector employment still struggling against strong international competition. The economic downturn increasing unemployment worsens the UKs already high job insecurity, with more people worried about their own or their companys longevity. The mechanism by which job insecurity impacts health is similar to that of unemployment; many view job loss anticipation as the first step of unemployment. With Petterson et al.(2005) observing insecure workers exhibiting declining concentration and increased irritation and long term sick leave its no wonder they may soon become unemployed. Dekker and Shaufeli (1995) even argue that it may be more difficult to cope with job uncertainty due to not knowing what to expect. These impacts relate to feelings of low control over their future, but this differs for the individual, the level of insecurity and the prospect of reemployment. Redundancies within an organisat ion can affect the health of all the employees, with those remaining exhibiting a lack in trust of those in power, competition with other workers at risk and resentment for those already redundant (Campbell and Pepper 2006). Unsatisfactory reemployment is an indirect impact due to decreased job opportunities, affecting those who have recently become unemployed and those looking for first time employment. The depression caused by unemployment itself severely reduces the chances of reemployment and the longer they spend unemployed they become deskilled making it even more difficult to escape the spiral of disadvantage (Price et al. 2002). Most would think its beneficial to gain employment and income, but the pressures of financial strain make lower socio-economic groups more likely to accept unsustainable employment, that is temporary, high-demand and low-pay. Whilst it may help financially in the short-term it wont have any long-term improvements and due to the type of work being unrewarding, monotonous and insecure means it has negative health implications such as depression, hence it may be just as bad as unemployment (Grzywacz Dooley 2003). Along with unemployment and pay cuts, a higher cost of living involving increasing VAT and escalating food and petrol prices all create financial strain, especially in the lower-classes, which itself causes negative health effects as discussed with unemployment. However this decreased disposable income reduces public spending, causing the local economy to fail (Brenner and Mooney 1983). Although large areas such as cities contain people of all socio-economic status, they are segregated into smaller communities of a particular social-class. Lower-class communities have the least public spending so are the worst affected; places like the high street which are important hubs for social integration soon become dilapidated, increasing levels of depression, crime and social exclusion, severely impacting the health of the community (Yuill 2009). Increased poverty and ill health puts tremendous pressure on public services such as social welfare, primary health care and the police. Public sector cuts in these areas further worsen the health impacts by reducing their ability to cope and reducing availability of such services to an ever increasing number of people who require them. In conclusion, the economic downturn has several impacts on the health of the UK, both directly and indirectly. These impacts do affect everyone so no groups should be ignored, but its clear that socio-economic status influences the mechanisms and severity by which it impacts peoples health. The majority of research indicates that lower-classes are the worst affected; they are most likely to become unemployed, experience job insecurity and undertake unsuitable employment (Clancy and Jenkins 2009). They also experience greater financial strain from pay cuts and increased cost of living, all of which result in more serious health connotations. Higher socio-economic groups dont experience such a financial loss and are considered to have more control over their futures due to assets such as savings and good qualifications, but they do experience negative mental health impacts, such as loss of identity, different to that of lower-classes (Price et al. 1998). Indirect impacts of the recess ion such as reduced public spending and public sector cuts reduce service availability, particularly in deprived areas where they are needed the most. It is important to understand that its not just about individuals, the recession indirectly affects family and friends and that lower-class families raising a child in times of struggle will severely affect that childs health throughout their life-course (Marmot and Bell 2009). Reference list Bartley, M. 2004. Health inequality an introduction to theories, concepts and methods. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 22-32. Brenner, M. and Mooney, A. 1983. Unemployment and health in the context of economic change. Social Science Medicine 17, pp. 1125à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1138. Burgard, S. Brand, J. and House, J. 2007. Toward a better estimation of the effect of job loss on health. J Health Soc Behav 48, pp. 369-384. Campbell, R. and Pepper, L. 2006. Downsizing and social cohesion: the case of downsizing survivors. New Solutions 16(4), pp. 373à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 393. Catalano, R. 1997. An Emerging Theory of the Effect of Economic Contraction on Alcohol Abuse in the United States. Social Justice Research 10(2), pp. 191à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 201. Clancy, G. and Jenkins, J. 2009. The impact of the recession on the Labour Market. ONS presentation at Cardiff University (14.07.2009). Dekker, S. and Schaufeli, W. 1995. The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal study. Australian Psychologist 30(1), pp. 57à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 63. Denny, E. and Earle, S. 2005. Sociology for nurses. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 140-148. Elliott, E. Harrop, E. Rothwell, H. Shepherd, M. and Williams, G. 2010. Working paper 134: The impact of the economic downturn on health in Wales: A review and case study. Cardiff school of social sciences (November 2010), pp. 29-59. Gallo, W. Teng, H. Falba, T. Kasl, S. Krumholz, H. and Bradley, E. 2006. The impact of late career job loss on myocardial infarction and stroke: A 10 year follow up using the health and retirement survey. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63(10), pp. 683à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 687. Graham, H. 2007. Unequal lives: Health and socio-economic inequalities. Buckingham: Open University Press. Grzywacz, J. and Dooley, D. 2003. Good jobs to bad jobs: Replicated evidence of an employment continuum from two large surveys. Social Science and Medicine 56, pp. 1749-1760. Marmot, M. (Chairman). 2010. Fair society healthy lives strategic review of health inequalities in England post 2010. London: The Marmot Review, pp.44-77. Marmot, M. and Bell, R. 2009. How will the financial crisis affect health? BMJ 338(b) 1314. Martikainen, P. Mà ¤ki, N. and Jà ¤ntti, M. 2007. The effects of unemployment on mortality following workplace downsizing and workplace closure: a registerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based followà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ up study of Finnish men and women during economic boom and recession. American Journal of Epidemiology 165(9), pp. 1070à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1075. Mathers, C. and Schofield, D. 1998. The health consequences of unemployment: the evidence. Medical Journal of Australia 168, pp. 178à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 182. Moser, K. Goldblatt, P. Fox, J. and Jones, D. 1990. Unemployment and mortality. Longitudinal study: Mortality and Social Organisation. London: OPCS. ONS. 2009. Health expectancy at birth. Office for National Statistics [online]. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=12964 [Accessed 9th March 2011]. ONS. 2010. SOC2010 volume 3 NC- SEC user manual [online]. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/classifications/current/soc2010/soc2010-volume-3-ns-secrebased-on-soc2010user-manual/index.html [Accessed 27th February 2011]. Parliament. 2005. Select Committee on Science and Technology  First Report [online]. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldsctech/20/2004.htm [Accessed 27th February 2011]. Petterson, I. Hertting, A. Hagberg, L. and Theorell, T. 2005. Are trends in work and health conditions interrelated? A study of Swedish hospital employees in the 1990s. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 10(2), pp. 110à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 120. Price, R. Choi, J. and Vinokur, A. 2002. Links in the chain of adversity following job loss: How financial strain and loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning, and poor health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 7(4), pp. 302-312. Price, R. Friedland, D. and Vinokur, A. 1998. Job loss: Hard times and eroded identity in J.H. Harvey (Ed.) Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook. Philadelphia: Taylor Francis, pp. 303à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 316. Ruhm, C. 2005. Healthy living in hard times. Journal of Health Economics 24(2), pp. 341à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 63. Solantaus, T. Leinonen, J. and Punamà ¤ki, R. 2004. Childrens Mental Health in Times of Economic Recession: Replication and Extensions of the Family Economic Stress Model in Finland. Developmental Psychology 40, pp. 412à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 429. Strully, K. 2006. Job loss and health in the US labour market. Demography 46, pp. 221à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 226. 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Babbage Charles :: Essays Papers

Babbage Charles Charles Babbage was born at Walworth, Surrey England in December 26,1791. He achieved many great feats and belonged to many very distinguished groups before he died in October 18, 1871. Many people consider him to be the grandfather of computer science due to his great works with his Difference Engine (1821), which printed tables of polynomials, and his Analytical Engine (1856), which was intended as a general symbol manipulator. Babbage grew up with a fascination with the way mechanical objects worked and was an excellent mathematician. This was discovered at an early age when he employed a tutor only to find out he knew more about math than the tutor did. He was home schooled for most of his early education mainly on account of his invalid health. Babbage eventually enrolled in Cambridge University in 1810, an institution where he would later hold the position of Lucasian chair of mathematics from 1828 to 1839. He was involved in many different fields of science. He was the first person to be presented the Gold Medal award given by the Astronomical Society, and a key figure in the founding of the Astronomical Society in 1820, the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831, and the Statistical Society of London in 1834. He authored the very influential book On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, as well as a series of papers on varied topics such as optics and cryptology. Charles Babbage had a fascination with numbers and statistics. He was obsessed with quantifying everything observable in nature. Babbage delighted in the thought of having a daily account of food consumed by zoo animals, or the "proportion of sexes amongst our poultry". He proposed tables to calculate the amount of wood (elm or oak) a man would saw in 10 hours, or how much an ox or camel could plow or mow in a day. In Mechanics Magazine in 1857 Babbage published a "Table of the Relative Frequency of the Causes of Breaking of Plate Glass Windows" detailing 464 breakages, of which "drunken men, women, or boys" were responsible for 14. Babbage thought the table would be "of value in many respects", and might "induce others to furnish more extensive collections of similar and related facts". In Babbage’s early years he was a popular and well-liked socialite. In fact, he was known for extravagant dinner parties where many famous and prominent people would be in attendance.